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CREATIVE DESTRUCTION

Shuchita Shukla

No Pain.. No Gain...

Economists use the concept of creative destruction, a seemingly paradoxical term coined by Joseph Schumpeter, quite liberally to explain the messy ways of free market to ensure progress. In Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942), the Austrian-economist wrote:
“The opening up of new markets, foreign or domestic, and the organizational development from the craft shop to such concerns as U.S. Steel illustrate the same process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact about capitalism.”
To understand what Schumpeter meant by this and how it still applies to current economies, take the example of ice industry of the United States. The commercial trade began in the 1800s when large- scale ice mining operations cropped up, mostly in New England, selling ice for 25 cents per pound. Compared to the current cost of about 10 cents per pound and accounting for a rise of atleast$48,000 in the average per-capita income coupled with an inflation of approximately 1,800% since then, one pound of ice took more than 65 times more income in 1800s than it does today, given that it is purchased commercially. On the other hand, in the peak year of 1940, the commercial ice industry employed approximately 30,000 Americans in contrast to just over 7000 today. The innovation of personal ice makers in 1950s and its large-scale spread by 1965 accounted for thousands of commercial ice workers losing their jobs. 
This is creative destruction at full display in the modern day. We enjoy a much higher standard of living, consuming more ice of higher quality at lower prices than we ever have before due to past innovations. This process-enabled growth necessitates thousands of jobs being lost to ensure that the industry, and by extension the economy, does not stagnate.

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